-
ls - list the files and directories in the current directory
ls -
cd - change the current directory
cd dir_name -
mkdir - create a new directory
mkdir rohan -
rmdir - remove a directory
rmdir rohan -
pwd - print the current working directory
pwd -
cp - copy files or directories
# We will copy a file called example.txt from the current directory to a directory called backup cp example.txt backup/ -
mv - move or rename files or directories
mv example.txt backup/ -
rm - remove files or directories
rm example.txt -
touch - create a new empty file or update the timestamp of an existing file
touch shayan.txt -
cat - concatenate and display files
cat example.txt -
man - manual for a command
man ls -
htop - an interactive process viewer and system monitor
htop -
chmod - change the permissions of a file or directory
# The first digit represents the owner of the file/directory # The second digit represents the group that the file/directory belongs to # The third digit represents all other users # 0 (no permission) # 1 (execute only) # 2 (write only) # 3 (write and execute) # 4 (read only) # 5 (read and execute) # 6 (read and write) # 7 (read, write, and execute) chmod 700 file.txt -
chown - change the owner of a file or directory
chown new_owner example.txt -
tar - create or extract compressed archive files
# x: extract files from an archive # t: list the contents of an archive # r: append files to an existing archive # z: use gzip compression # j: use bzip2 compression # cf: create file # xf: extract file tar cf archive.tar file1 file2 file3 -
gzip - compress files
gzip file.txt -
gunzip - decompress compressed files
gunzip file.txt.gz -
ssh - connect to a remote server securely
ssh username@server_address -
scp - securely copy files between systems
scp myfile.txt user@remotehost:/home/user/ -
ping - test network connectivity
ping 8.8.8.8 -
ifconfig - display or configure network interfaces
ifconfig -
netstat - display network connection information
netstat -
route - view or configure network routing tables
route [options] [add/delete/show] -
top - display system resource usage and processes
top -
ps - display information about running processes
ps aux -
kill - terminate a process
kill [PID] -
systemctl - control system services and settings
# Start the nginx service systemctl start nginx # Check the status of the nginx service systemctl status nginx # Stop the nginx service systemctl stop nginx -
service - control system services
service apache2 start -
useradd - add a new user to the system
useradd harry -
passwd - change the password for a user
passwd harry -
userdel - delete a user from the system
userdel harry -
su - switch user to become another user
su john -
sudo - execute a command as another user or with elevated privileges
sudo -
uptime - display system uptime and load average
uptime -
df - display disk space usage
df -
du - display disk usage by file or directory
du -
mount - mount a file system
sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/usb -
umount - unmount a file system
sudo umount /mnt/usb -
date - display or set the system date and time
date -
whoami - display the current user name
whoami -
which - locate a program or command in the system path
which ls -
finger - displays all the information about a user
finger harry -
uname - display system information
uname uname -a -
history - display a list of previously executed commands
history -
echo - display text or variables to the console
echo 'I need Tshirt from codeswear!' -
tee - redirect output to both a file and the console
ls | tee file.txt -
locate - locate any file on the system
locate file.txt -
sort - sort lines of text in a file or input
cat file.txt # banana # orange # apple sort file.txt # apple # banana # orange -
uniq - remove duplicate lines from a file or input
cat file.txt # apple # orange # banana # apple # banana uniq file.txt # apple # orange # banana -
head/tail - display the first/last few lines of a file or input
# display first 10 lines head file.txt # display last 10 lines tail file.txt
LQ